Pile fabric



Oct. 9, 1951 G. J. uNDERwoob EI'AL FILE. FABRIC 2 Sheets-Sheet Filed April 5, 1950 INVENTOR M) M WM ATTORNEYS amad 1951 G. J. UNDERWOOD ETAL 1,

PILE FABRIC Filed April 5, 1950 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 I INV NTOR! jufdtfiahuml BY flwf w M MM ATTORNEYS I Patented Oct. 9, 1951 I PILE FABRIC Garfield J. Underwood, Broadalbln. and Albert J. Ammerall, Amsterdam, N. Y.,

assignors to Mohawk Carpet Mills, Inc., Amsterdam, N. Y., a corporation of New York Application April 5, 1950, Serial No 154,172

This invention relates to pile fabrics. such as are used as carpets and rugs. and is concerned more particularly with pile fabrics having a tufted pile of novel construction, which is superior in numerous respects to the pile heretofore employed in tufted pile carpeting. Fabrics with the new pile may be made both in Wilton looms provided with wires, over which pile warp yarns are raised to form pile elements, and in Axminster looms. in which the lengths of yarn forming the pile tufts are inserted in the backing by means of tube frames. A plain or velvet carpet provided with the new pile requires u to a third less pile yarn than prior fabrics of equal quality with respect to the appearance of the pile and its coverage of the backing of the fabric. and, since the cost of wool yarn used in the pile of carpet fabrics represents as much as 30 per cent of the total cost, a plain fabric with the new pile can be made at substantially less cost than comparable prior fabrics. Axminster fabrics provided with the new pile have an appearance, which it has not been possible to obtain heretofore in such fabrics.

In the production of carpet fabrics as ordinarily carried on at present, it is the practice to utilize relatively light yarns of wool or of blends containing a substantial proportion of wool for the pile, and such yarns are made of two or more singles yarns plied together. The singles yarn components are usually of the same weight and of the same twist. both as to kind and number of turns per inch. and they are plied together in the same direction as the twist of the components. so that, after the plying operation. the components all have the same twist, which is about equal in turns per inch to their original twist plus the plying twist. When the plied yarn has a twist such that the yarn has little or no tendency to kink or cockle, the yarn may be employed as a pile yarn in either an Axminster or a Wilton loom, and a pile made of such yarn is smooth and of uniform appearance. When a plied pile yarn has a high twist, so that it kinks and cookies, it can be used on a Wilton loom equipped with cutting wires to form a tufted pile having a rough pebbled texture, which is of attractive appearance. Such a yarn. which has not been subjected to a twist setting treatment, which causes it to retain its hard twisted condition, cannot be employed, however. on an Axminster loom, because, when the portion of an unset high twist yarn projecting from the tube of a tube frame is dipped into and bound in the backing and then cut, the end of the yarn pulls back into the tube. so that the yarn cannot again 14 Claims. (01. 139-401)" be dipped into the backing, unless the loom is stopped and the yarn pulled out through the tube by hand. Obviously, the necessity of stopping the loom and thus drawing the yarns out through the tubes on all the tube frames makes such 'a weaving operation wholly uneconomic. A high twist pile yarn, in which the twist has been set, could be employed in an Axminster loom but a pile made of such a yarn is hard and unpleasant in feel and the single pile elements stand out, so that the pile is unattractive in appearance. Accordingly, Axminster fabrics have been made heretofore only with a smooth pile, although a rough textured pile produced by the use of unset high twist yarns would be more desirable.

In all pile fabrics, it is important that the pile have such density and uniformity that the backing will be fully concealed. Such coverage of the backing is a minimum requirement and the appearance and wearing quality of the pile are then enhanced as the density of the pile is increased over the minimum and the height of the pile is increased. In a typical plain (velvet) carpet of minimum pile density and height. which is intended to be used for purposes. for which wear is not an important consideration. 20 ounces of a two ply wool pile yarn of a weight of about 41 yards per ounce are required per carpet yard, that is, in a one yard length of fabric 27" wide. Such a carpet has about 8% rows of pile elements per inch and the pile wires used are .192" high.

The present invention is directed to the provision of a pile fabric having a novel pile, in which the pile yarn is used with better covering effect than in the pile of present fabrics, so that plain carpets of a given quality woven with the new pile require up to a third less yarn than is needed in such carpets with ordinary pile. An Axminster fabric with the new pile has a surface appearance not heretofore available in such fabrics.

The unusual characteristics of the new pile are derived from the use of a pile yarn of a construction, which, so far as we are aware, has never been used up to the present in pile yarns. This yarn is of relatively light weight, varying from about 53 to 62 yards per ounce, and it is made of two singles yarns, which are preferably of approximately the same weight and initially have opposite twists of the same number of turns per inch, that is, one is of S-twist and the other of Z-twist. The components are plied together with either kind of twist and. as a result of the plying operation, the twist in one component is increased and that in the other is decreased, in each case, by the number of turns in the ply twist. The initial twist in the singles yarns and the number of turns in the plym twist are selected, as will later be explained, in view of the type of fabric, in which the yarn is to be used, but. in all forms of the yarn, one component is of substantially higher twist than the other, and. in effect, serves as a core. about which the low twist component is coiled. Since the low twist component has been back-twisted in the plying operation, the component has been opened up and its ilbers separated, so that the component is of larger diameter than the high twist component and. as a result of the relatively loose wrapping of the soft low twist component about the hard twist component, the plied yarn has greater bulk than prior yarns and produces a pile of greater coverage than a pile made of conventional yarn.

For a better understanding of the invention, reference may be made to the accompanying drawings, in which Fig. l is a view in plan of the singles yarn components of the yarn used in the pile of the new fabric;

Pig. 2 is a plan view of a form of the pile yarn suitable for use in weaving the new fabric on either an Axminister or a pile wire loom;

Fig. 3 is a longitudinal view through a typical Axminster fabric of the invention.

Fig. 4 is a sectional view on the line H. of P Fig. I is a diagrammatic view in side elevation showing a single pile tuft element of the fabric of Fig. 3;

Fig. 6 is a diagrammatic longitudinal sectional view showing the weave of the fabric of Fig. 3;

Fig. '7 is a plan view of a form of the pile yarn of the high twist type suitable for use in weaving the new fabric on a pile wire loom;

Fig. 8 is a longitudinal section view through a typical velvet fabric of the invention made on a pile wire loom;

Fig. 9 is a sectional view on the line 3-3 of Fig. 8;

Fig. 10 is a diagrammatic plan view of a single tuft leg of the fabric of Fig. 8; and

Fig. 11 is a diagrammatic longitudinal sectional view showing the weave of Fig. 8.

The Axminster fabric illustrated in Fig. 3 comprises stuifer warps 20, 2| in upper and lower levels, weft shots 23, 24, 25 above stuifer warps 23, between stuffer warps 2| and 2|, and below stuil'er warps 2|, respectively, and binder warps 23 binding the weft shots against the stuffer warps. The fabric includes pile tuft elements 21 looped beneath the weft shots 24 between the stuffer warps 23 and 2| in the upper and lower levels, the legs of each element extending upwardly between adjacent weft shots 23 in the upper level to form the pile.

The pile yarn used in the fabric shown is made of a pair of singles wool or wool blend yarns, of which the yarn 28 is of 8-twist and the yarn 23 of Z-twist. The yarns 23, 23 are preferably of the same weight and the same number of turns per inch (T. P. I.) and they may be plied together with either an S-twist or a Z-twist. The plied yarn 33 has been made by plying the components 23, 23 with an 8-twist, so that, in the plying operation, twist is added to yarn 23 and taken out. of yarn 23. Also, the plying operation, which has back-twisted yarn 23, has caused that yarn to open up and its fibers to separate.

For use in an Axminster fabric. a typical yarn 33 may be one, in which each of the singles yarns runs 106 yards to the ounce initially. so that the yarn 33 runs about 53 yds./oz. Each singles component initially has about 4.5 T. P. I. and a ply twist of 3.6 T. P. I. S-twist is used. with the result that, in the-plied yarn 33, the component 23 has about 8.1 T. P. I. and the component 23 about .9 T. P. I. In the production of a pile yarn for use in an Axminster fabric, the yarn should run from about 53 to about 62 yards to the ounce, and the initial twist in the individual components and the ply twist should be such that the twist in the high twist component in the plied yarn does not run much over 10 P. T. 1.. since, otherwise, the plied yarn will kink and cookie and draw back into the tubes of the tube frames of the loom, as above explained. Similarly, the final twist of the low twist component should not fall much below .9 T. P. 1., since, if the twist is too low, the low twist component will become too fuzzy. The preferred pile yarn for use in an Axminster fabric is one, in which the twist in the high twist component lies between 6 and 10 T. P. I. and that of the low twist component lies between about .9 and 2.2 T. P. L It is to be understood that, in the plying operation, the twist in the low twist component may be reversed, that is, the component may initially have a Z-twist and, after plying, have an s-twtst.

, Here again, the component is back-twisted during the plying, so that it opens up and its fibers separate.

The fabric illustrated in Fig. 8 is a velvet cara pet. which comprises stuifer warps 3|, weft yarns 32, 33 in upper and lower levels above and below the stuffer warps, and binder warps 34, 35, each passing over and under upper and lower weft yarns in alternation to bind the weft yarns against the stuifer warps. The binder warps are in two sets and arranged in pairs, one from each set, so that a binder warp of each pair passes over a filling yarn 32 above the stufi'er warps and the other binder warp of the pair passes beneath the filling yarn 33 lying below yarn 32 and beneath the stuifer warps 3| in each space between adjacent pairs of binder warps 3|, 3!, and a pile yarn 3i is looped beneath each upper weft yarn 32 in each such space. Each pile yarn is raised over a cutting pile wire in the weaving of the fabric and, when the wire is withdrawn, the loops 31 of yarn raised over the wire are severed to form tuft legs 33, 33.

The pile yarn 3i employed in the velvet carpet of Fig. 8 is made of a pair of singles wool or wool blend yarns, of which the yarn I0 is of 8- twlst and the yarn ll of Z-twist. The singles yarns have been plied together with an S-twist and the yarns initially have the same number of T. P. I. As the singles yarns are initially of opposite twist, the plying together of the yarns has added twist to yarn 43 and back-twisted yarn ll to remove twist therefrom and open it up. Because of the addition of twist to yarn 43, that yarn has become denser and more compact than yarn 4|, from which twist has been removed, and yarn 4|, by reason of the back-twisting applied to it in the plying operation, has become substantially larger in size than yarn 40 and has wrapped itself spirally about yarn 43 as a core.

While the component singles yarns of pile yarn 36 are initially of opposite twist. so that, in the F ying operation, twist is removed from one and added to the other, the components, after plying,

'5 may have the same or the opposite twist, depending on whether the plying twist is greater or less than the original twist of the components.

Pile yarn of the construction described for use in a velvet carpet woven on a Wilton loom may run from 53 to 62 yards per ounce and the range from 53 to 58 yards per ounce is preferred. For maximum coverage of the backing, the yarn should have a ply twist, which will cause the high twist component to kink, while the low twist component still has enough twist so that it is not fuzzy. In the plied yarn, the low twist component should thus have a twist, which is not much less than about .9 T. P. I. and should not substantially exceed about 2.2 T. P. I. The high twist component may have a relatively high twist of .10 T. P. I. or more.

A satisfactory pile yarn for use in velvet carpet is one made of a pair of singles yarns initially of a twist of 4.9 T. P. 1., one of S-twist and the other of Z-twist. The singles yarns are plied together with an S-twist of '7 T. P. I., so that the S-twist component increases in twist to 11.9 T. P. I. In the plying operation, the Z-twist component first loses all twist and then acquires an S-twist of 2.1 T. P. I. This plied yarn runs about 58 yards to the ounce and it is much bulkier than an ordinary plied yarn of the same weight. As a result, about 13 ounces of the yarn per carpet yard provide a pile of a height of .192" and of satisfactory coverage of the backing.

In the new pile, the component singles yarns in each pile element are in close contact in that portion of the element which lies within the backing and, in the legs of each pile element, the components tend to separate somewhat, the extent of the separation depending on the ply twist and being most pronounced at the ends of the tuft legs. In the legs of a pile element made of a yarn of relatively high ply twist, such as that used in the velvet fabric of Fig. 8, the dense high twist component is likely to stand substantially erect. The bulky low twist component then remains wrapped about the high twist component but the wrapping becomes looser toward the ends of the legs of the element and, at their ends, the components are somewhat separated. In an Axminster fabric, such as that shown in Fig. 3, in which the pile yarn has a lower ply twist than that of the pile yarn used in the velvet fabric of Fig. 8, the separation of the components of the yarn in the legs of the pile elements is greater than that of the components of a yarn of higher ply twist. Also, the high twist component is less likely to stand erect. As a result, the tuft legs made of the lower ply twist yarn used in an Axminster fabric tend to bend or lean in random directions.

In a velvet fabric made with a pile yarn of relatively high ply twist and of the type described, the yarn is stretched taut over each pile wire and, when the wire is withdrawn and cuts the pile yarn loops, the high twist component contracts to some extent. As such contraction is not uniform throughout all the tuft legs, the legs vary in height and the pile has a rough texture, which is not unlike that of a pile made of conventional yarns of high twist. Similarly, in an Axminster fabric, in which the pile is made of yarn described having components of different twist, the leaning of the tuft legs results in the legs having varying vertical heights, so that the pile has a rough surface, which it has not been possible heretofore to produce in Axminster fabrics.

In both types of fabric described, the bulky greatercoverage of the backing than a conventional pile yarn component, but a yarn made of two such low twistcomponents would notbe satisfactory for pile, because tuft legs made of such yarn wouldmat ,down quickly. The high twist component gives the tuft legsthe desired stiffness, and the combination of the components of high and low twist thus produces tufts aflording increased coverage at no substantial sacrifice of other desirable qualities.

This application is related to ourco-pending application Ser. No. 75,952, filed February 11,

We claim:

1. In a pile fabric, which comprises a backing made up of stuifer warps extending horizontally through the backing, filling yarns extending across the stuffer warps in a plurality of levels above and below the stufier w ps. and binder warps distributed across the backing and crossing the filling yarns and binding them against the stufier warps from above and below, a pile which comprises a, plurality of pile elements each anchored in the backing by a portion of the element lying beneath a filling yarn, each element having legs extending upwardly on opposite sides of said filling yarn and above the backing to form pile tufts, substantially every space at the top of the backing defined by adjacent filling yarns and adjacent spaced binder warps containing a pair of tuft legs, each pile element being made of a yarn formed of a pair of component yarns plied together, one of the components being dense and of relatively high twist and the other being a back-twisted opened-up yarn of substantiallylower twist wrapped spirally about the high twist component in the same direction as that of the twist of the high twist component, the components lying in close contact in the portion of each element within the backing and the low twist component tending to uncoil from the high twist component in each leg.

2. In a pile fabric, which comprises a backing made up of stuffer warps extending horizontally through the backing, filling yarns extending across the stutter warps, and binder warps distributed across the backing and crossing the filling yarns and binding themagainst the stufi'er warps from above and below, a pile which comprises a plurality of pile elements each anchored in the backing by a portion of the element lying beneath a filling yarn, each element having legs extending upwardly on opposite sides of said filling yarn and above the backing to form pile tufts, substantially every space at the top of the backing defined by adjacent filling yarns and adjacent spaced binder warps containing a pair of tuft legs. each pile element being made of a yarn formed of a. pair of component yarns plied together, one of the component being dense, and of relatively high twist and the other being a back-twisted opened-up yarn of a twist lower than and opposite to that of the dense component and wrapped spirally about the dense component in the same direction as that of the twist of the high twist component, the components lying in close contact in the portion of each element within the backing and the low twist component tending to separate from the high twist component in each leg, the components being approximately the same weight.

3. In a pile fabric, which comprises a backing made up of stuffer warps extending horizontally low twist component in the legs of gives throughlthe backing. filling yarns extending pile tufts, substantially every space at the top of the backing defined by adjacent filling yarns and adjacent spaced binder warpscontaining a pair of tuft legs, each pile element being made of a plied yarn formed of a pair of components of substantially the same weight, one of the components being dense and of relatively high twist and the other being a bulky back-twisted openedup yarn of substantially lower twist than the high twist component and wrapped spirally about the high twist component in the same direction as that of the twist of the high twist component. the components lying in close contact in the portion of each element within the backing and the low twist component tending to uncoil from the high twist component in each leg.

4. In a pile fabric, which comprises a backing made up of stuffer warps extending horizontally through the backing, filling yarns extending across the smile! warps in a plurality of levels above and below the stufier warps, and binder warps distributed across the backing and crossing the filling yarns and binding them against the stufier warps from above and below, a pile which comprises a plurality of pile elements each anchored in the backing by a portion of the element lying beneath a filling yarn, each element having legs extending upwardly on opposite sides of said filling yarn and above the backing to form -pile tufts, substantially every space at the top fot the backing defined by. adjacent filling yarns and adjacent spaced binder warps containing a pair oi tuft legs, each pile element being made of a plied yarn having a weight between about 53 and about 62 yards per ounce and formed of a, dense component of relatively high twist and a bulky component of substantially lower twist wrapped spirally about the high twist component in the same direction as that of the twist of the high twist component, the components lying in close contact in the portion of each element within the backing and the low twist component tending to uncoil from the high twist component in each leg.

5. In a pile fabric, which comprises a backing made up of stufier warps extending horizontally through the backing, filling yarns extending across the stufier warps in a plurality of levels above and below the stufier warps, and binder warps distributed across the backing and crossing the filling yarns and binding them against the stufi'er warps from above and below, a pile which comprises'a plurality of pile elements each anchored in the backing by a portion of the element lying beneath a filling yarn, each element having legs extending upwardly on opposite sides of said filling yarn and above the backing to form pile tufts, substantially every space at the top of the backing defined by adjacent filling yarns and adjacent spaced binder warps containing a pair of tuft legs, each pile element being made of a plied yarn having a weight between about 53 and about 62 yards per ounce and formed of a denze component having a twist of between about 6 and about 12 turns per inch and in the same direction as that of the 'ply twist and a bulky component having a twist of between about .9 and about 2.2 turns per inch, the components lying in close contact in the portion of each element within the backing and the bulky component tending touncoil from the high twist component in each leg.

6. In a pile fabrlc, which comprises a backing made up of stufier warps extending horizontally through the backing and lying in one level, filling yarns extending across the stuifer warps above and below the stuifer warps, and pairs of binder warps distributed in spaced relation acrou the backing and crossing the filling yarns and binding them against the stuil'er warps from above and below, a pile which comprises a plurality of pile elements each anchored inthe backing by a portion of the element lying beneath a filling yarn above the stuil'er warps, each element having legs extending upwardly on opposite sides of said filling yarn and above the backing to form pile tufts, substantially every space at the top of the backing defined by adjacent filling yarns and adjacent pairs of binder warps containing a pair of tuft legs, each pile element being made of a plied yarn having a size between about 53 yards and 58 yards to the ounce and formed of a pair of components plied together with a twist of about 6.5 to 7 turns per inch, one of the components being dense and having a relatively high twist of the same kind a the pi! twist and the other component being bulky and having a substantially lowertwist and being wrapped spirally about the high twist component, the components lying in close contact in the portion of each element within the backing, and the low twist component tending to uncoil from the high twist component in each leg.

'7. In an Axmlnster fabric, which comprises a backing made up of stuffer warps extending horizontally through the backing and lying in two levels, filling yarns extending across the stuifer warps in three levels above, below, and between the stufler warp-s, and binder warps distributed across the backing andcrossing the filling yarns, the binder warps being distributed across the backing and engaging the filling yarns lying above and below the stuifer warps to bind said yarns against the stuifer warps, a pile which comprises a plurality of pile elements each anchored by a portion of the element lying beneath a filling yarn below the top level of said yarns. each pile element having legs extending upwardly on opposite sides of said filling yarn and above the backing to form pile tufts, substantially every space at the top of the backing defined by adjacent filling yarns of the top level and adjacent binder warps containing a pair of tuft legs, each pile element being made of a plied yarn of a weight between about 53 yards and 62 yards per ounce and formed of a dense component of a twist between about 6 and about 10 turns per inch and of the same hand as the ply twist and a bulky component of a twist between about .9 and 2.2 turns per inch, the components lying in close contact in the portion of each element within the backing and the low twist component tending to uncoil from the high twist component in each leg.

8. In a pile fabric, which comprises a backing made up of stufier warps extending horizontally through the backing, filling yarns extending across the stufier warps in a plurality of levels as-racer above and below the stufier warps, and binder warps distributed across the backing and crossing the filling yarns and binding them against the stufier warps from above-and below, a pile which comprises a plurality of pile elements each anchored in the backing by a portion the element lying beneath afilling yarn, each element having legs extending upwardly on opposite sides oi said filling yarn and above the backing to form pile tufts, substantially every space at the top of; the backing defined by adjacent filling yarns and adjacent spaced binder warps containing a pair of tuft legs, each pile element being made of a plied yarn having a, weight between about 53 and about 62 yards per ounce and formed of lower twist wrapped spirally about the high twist component in the same direction as the twist of of the high twist component, the components lying in close contact in the portion of each element within the backing and the low twist component tending to uncoil from the high twist component in each leg.

9. In a pile fabric, which comprises a backing made up of stuifer warps extending horizontally through the backing, filling yarns extending across the stufler warps in a plurality of levels above and below the stuffer warns, and binder warps distributed across the backing and crossing the filling yarns and binding them against the stufier warps from above and below, a pile which comprises a plurality of pile elements each anchored in the backing by a portion of the element lying beneath a filling yarn, each pile element being made of a pair of components plied together, one component being a dense relatively high twist yarn and the other being a, bulky back-twisted opened-up yarn of less twist than the plying twist and wrapped spirally about the high twist component in the same direction as the twist of the high twist component.

10. In a pile fabric, which comprises a backing made up of stufier warps extending horizontally through the backing, filling yarns extending across the stufier warps in a plurality of levels above and below the stufier warps, and binder warps distributed across the backing and crossing the filling yarns and binding them against the stufier warps from above and below, a pile which comprises a plurality of pile elements each anchored in the backing b a portion of the element lying beneath a, filling yarn, each pile element having legs extending upwardly on opposite sides of said filling yarn and being made of a pair of yarns plied together, one component being a dense relatively high twist yarn of higher twist than the ply twist and the other being a bulky back-twisted opened-up yarn of less twist than the plying twist and wrapped spirally about; the high twist component in the same direction as the twist of the high twist component, the components lying in close contact in the portion of each element within the backing and the low twist component tending to uncoil from the high twist component in each leg.

11. In a pile fabric, which comprises a backing made up of stufier warps etxending horizontally through the backing, filling yarns extending across the stufier warps in a plurality of levels above and below the stuffer warps, and binder warps distributed across the backing and crossing the filling yarns and binding them against the stufier warps from above and below, a pile which comprises a plurality of pile elements each anchored in the backing by a'portion of the element lying beneath a filling yarn, each pile element being made of a pair of singles yarn components plied together, the components being of opposite twists of substantially the same number of turns, one component in the final plied yam being dense and of relatively high twist and the other being a bulky b ack-twisted opened-up yarn of less twist than the plying .twist wrapped spirally about the dense component in the same direction a the twist or the dense component.

12. In a pile fabric, which comprises a backing made up of stutter warps extending horizontally through the backing, filling yarns extending across the stufier warps in a plurality of levels above and below the stufi'er warps, and binder warps distributed across the backing and crossing the filling yarns and binding them against the stuffer warps from above and below, a pile which comprises a plurality of pile elements each anchored in the backing by a ortion of the element lying beneath a filling yarn, each pile element being made of a pair of singles yarn components plied together with a twist less than the initial twist in said components; the components being initially of opposite twists of substantially the same number of turns, one component in the final plied yarn being dense and of relatively high twist and the other being a bulky backtwisted opened-up yarn of less twist than the plying twist wrapped spirally about the dense component in the same direction as the twist of the dense component.

13. In a pile fabric, which comprises a backing made up of stufier warps extending horizontally through the backing, filling yarns extending across the stufier warps in a plurality of levels above and below the stutter warps, and binder warps distributed across the backing and crossing the filling yarns and binding them against the stuffer' warps from above and below, a pile which comprises a pluralit of pile elements each anchored in the backing by a portion of the element lying beneath a filling yarn, each pile element being made of a pair of components plied together, one component being a dense relatively high twist yarn and the other being a bulky back-twisted opened-up yarn of less twist than the plying twist and wrapped spirally about the high twist component in the same direction as the twist of the high twist component, at least the major portions of the convolutions of the bulky back-twisted singles yarn being spaced substantially from one another.

14. In a pile fabric, which comprises a backing made up of stuffer warps extendin horizontally through the backing, filling yarns extendin across the stuffer warps in a plurality of levels ment being made of a pair of components plied together, one component being a dense relatively high twist yarn and the other being a bulky backtwisted opened-up yarn of less twist than the plying twist and wrapped spirally about the high twist component in the same direction. as the twist of the high twist component, the bulky 11 heck-twisted yarn beln: irrecullrly twisted about UNITED STATES PATENTS the dense relatively high-twist yarn. Number "we M 518,883 Herdwlck Apr. 24, 1894 GAR-FIRED J. UNDIRWOOD. 1,944,534 UM Jgn. 23, 1934 I ALBERT J. AMMERALL. I 1,937,632 mm;- t g1, Jun. 15, 1935 2,369,591 sum Oct. I, 1944 "m c" roman Puma The following references are of record in the Number Country M Greet Britain Jan. 30, 1930 tile 0! all! Wt: 10 314,521 

